‘My Swordhand is Singing’ Develops Essay

This epic is based around a little town called Chust, in Romania. Chust is a little seventeenth century town encompassed by an enormous and vile wood, loaded with shadows of anxiety. The townspeople were terrified of the wood, and all that it contained. They were careful about ‘outsiders’ and were driven by custom. They particularly had confidence in the Miorita, a melody about a shepherd killed by his colleagues and through a sheep, he reaches out to his mom that he isn't dead yet has gone to ‘marry a princess from a far off land.’ They put stock in vampires and fiends and the Shadow Queen. Dwindle and Tomas carried on with an itinerant life. They moved all around and were not acknowledged in Chust. They were wood-cutters and lived on a little island with streaming water around it. Subside doesn't comprehend the criticalness of this channel and thinks it is only an endeavor to attempt to bond with him. It was the first run through in quite a while where Peter and Tomas were cooperating and appreciating it. It is their very own allegory presence; desolate, separated and clandestine. Tomas has no enthusiasm for making companions and disregards society. This implies Peter doesn’t get the opportunity to make connections as they are continually moving near. This intensifies his feeling of separation and causes him to loathe his dad more. Subside doesn't comprehend what Tomas was fleeing from, intellectually or truly. Before Peter was conceived, Tomas was enlisted to battle with King Michael, the ‘Winter King’. The battling was long and savage and there was loads of gore. While attacking a little Turkish town, Peter found a blade. This was an extraordinary blade. It had the ability to slaughter vampires. â€Å"The blade was made in a land were vampires were normal. This blade has the ability to vrykolakoi for good.† Vrykolakoi are the living dead, spirits, getting away from bodies. When Tomas’s spouse kicked the bucket bringing forth Peter, Tomas accepted his life wasn’t worth living. He had lost the main individual who had thought about him, who cherished him. This was unexpected on the grounds that his activity was to return dead spirits who need to be alive and here he is with no will to live and needing to pass on. He doesn’t perceive the requirements of the living as he does the need of the dead. Tomas begins drinking to numb the agony of his wife’s passing. This is one of the fundamental driver of Peter and Tomas having an irregular relationship. Tomas gets irritated as Peter consistently attempts to stop him drinking however Tomas considers it to be an attack of freewill. â€Å"By the time Peter got inside, Tomas had just presented himself with a glass of rakia. ‘Have some?’ he inquired. Dwindle shook his head. ‘For God’s sake!’ his dad yelled, all of a sudden. ‘For God’s purpose, drink with me for once!† Subside is frightened of Tomas. He is threatened by his dad. He feels that Tomas is considering him answerable for his wife’s passing. The live in their own universes. â€Å"Who is ‘we’? There is no ‘we’ here.† At the point when Peter was 5, Tomas had made him a wooden goose. Tomas was talented at carpentry and it was a delightful perfect work of art, an endowment of affection. Angrily, Tomas devastated the goose. By doing this he was breaking any bond that he had made with Peter. Dwindle attempted to make another goose, however it was never as acceptable. This represents their relationship, never to be comparable to it used to be. As Peter was growing up, Tomas deceived him to shield reality from coming out about his past. At whatever point Peter went into Chust to convey logs, he would return with stories. Tales about herds of sheep being assaulted and individuals dieing. Diminish would tell Tomas of these however he would be disdainful of them, and me for trusting them. â€Å"There’s a wide range of disturbance in the village’, Peter said. ‘Sheep have been assaulted in their sheds.’ ‘So the wolves are getting ravenous. What of it?’ ‘It’s not wolves. Well that’s what they’re saying in Chust’ ‘Pah!’ Tomas spat on the floor. ‘Idiots! What's more, you’re and dolt too for listening†. For whatever length of time that Peter could recall, Tomas had a crate. Tomas had stated, ‘Do not look in the crate under any circumstances’. For Peter, this is simply one more riddle about his dad and debilitates their relationship. Toward the finish of this novel, Tomas rode into the horde of prisoners and began killing them to the ground. Tomas realized he was going to pass on and this was a last exertion to show Peter that he generally adored him and that he was a decent dad. As soon Tomas was inundated by the vampires, Peter quickly got the blade and battled until they were all dead. This is know as the ‘Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy’ expressing that is you’re father passes on you should retaliate for his demise. At the point when Peter returned from the fight he found a wooden goose in the instrument shed. This was to represent that he has moved here and there for his entire life and he should continue moving, similar to a winged animal. â€Å"Tomas’ eyes were shut, yet in his psyche he could see Peter winding and stroking the sharp edge from side to side. ‘That’s it. Feel it.’ In his heart, he heard Peter’s answer. ‘Yes, Father. My swordhand is singing.’

European Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Studies - Essay Example Be that as it may, this isn't the main explanation with regards to why Europe is additionally separated into various regions, for example, the eastern and western Europe. One of the essential components that exacerbate this specific circumstance is the political separation in the nation. As noted before, other than topographical divisions, there are sure proportions of political components that make the solidarity among European nations adequately conceivable. Justifiably, it is through this specific factor that the European individuals are currently living in various status of sentiments about their administrations and the status of life that they are living in. With the history that covers the European regions, it couldn't be denied that the whole human progress of the European ages have come into various basic understanding concerning what has befallen their nation to the years. Every individual makes certain to gave an alternate perspective with respects the must's and the must-not's of the past pioneers and rulership in the mainland as applied in the current circumstance of the political status of the whole landmass. Since its commencement, Europe has affected world governmental issues. It was the antiquated Greeks who initially made a popular government, in around 450 B.C. This framework, where the individuals pick the administration, is far reaching today. During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church held incredible political impact across Europe. By the 1700's capacity had moved away from the congregation into the hands if a couple of countries, for example, Spain and Great Britain. They developed rich from investigating Asia, Africa and the Americas. Huge numbers of these states didn't pick up their autonomy until the current century. Both WWI and WWII started in Europe. After the Second World War, the landmass split into Communist nations in the east and Non-Communist nations in the west. From that point forward, Europe turned into the focal point of intensity battle, referred to in history as the Cold War that existed between the Communist and the Non-Communist nations inside the European mainland. In the 1980's, changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe prompted the breakdown of socialism there. New states developed when the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia separated. The Cold War finished however the contention between ethnic gatherings and financial issues caused new pressures in Eastern Europe. In An Aim of Reuniting Every Country in Europe FOLLOWING World War II the nations of western Europe confronted an enormous activity of financial recreation. Their enterprises were in ruins and their kin were poor. The foundation of more liberated global exchange and closer collaboration was a coherent reaction to the circumstance. During the 1950's an additional impetus for these nations to join was the dread of numerous Europeans that the danger of Soviet animosity was developing. What steps were taken to accomplish this solidarity of western European nations Have the associations set up for this reason demonstrated effective What possibilities are there now for more noteworthy solidarity later on After long readiness, the Council of Europe was built up in May of 1949. The objective of this association is to advance nearer solidarity among its some eighteen-part countries so monetary and social advancement may be accomplished. (Drake, 2005, 87)The

Its Nice to Meet You

It’s Nice to Meet  You When I introduce myself in new groups, a lot of times I bring that up how I inline skate, or rollerblade. Even after three years of being in the inline skate community, one of my first images of a “rollerblader” is this: 2nd photo on Google  Images But for me, inline skating looks like this: yes those are  sparks I didn’t start skating until I got to MIT my freshman year. I got a pair for $25 with kneepads, elbowpads, and wristguards at Goodwill. I had always wanted to learn, but living near hills made it too intimidating to learn. The area around MIT seemed very friendly and flat with bike lanes. My first attempt ended with me moving 5 ft forward in the East Campus courtyard, scared out of my mind, hitting a sidewalk crack and falling straight to my knees. I put the skates away in my closet like many one-time hobbies. I definitely could have just ended it there saying,  â€œRollerblading isn’t for me, I have no balance”.   But I tried again. And I’m really glad I did. I asked a friend who also skated at MIT to teach me how to step over cracks and brake. Then I started skating around campus, to class. I would take them out at 3am and skate my PNR emotional frustrations away. The feeling of racing down Mass Ave, gliding from one foot to another, is an amazing adrenaline rush. Being able to make meetings or classes across campus in minutes and get more sleep? Even better. Getting Out of the MIT  Bubble On a summer trip to explore Chicago, I coincidentally hit Skate Chicago, an annual weekend of inline skating across the city. I made friends from all over the U.S, and from them learned about other annual national city skate events. Everyone I met at these events was super welcoming. I would ask them how long they had skated, and they’d tell me somewhere between 5â€"20+ years. I got better at skating by just approaching other skaters and asking them how they got over the shitty pavement we’d just passed or how they stopped so quickly going so fast. I made lifelong friends that I could couchsurf with. They shared what it was like to grow up in these cities and to struggle with issues like gentrification. Since skating was really big in the 2000s, these friends were older than me but still had so much well-timed relatable life advice. I was so inspired by this community of self-reliant, expressive individuals who come together despite huge differences in age, socioeconomic status, and cultural background, simply to skate. I saw people that were happy â€" free from the pervasive feeling at MIT of not having done enough â€" and still making a living. Skate Chicago, June Skate Boston, September Big Apple Roll (NYC),  August Showing Myself that I  Can For one of the first times in my life, I felt like I could get better at something. I skated for a total of 15 miles in Chicago, then 25 miles in Boston, then 50 miles in NYC. My endurance was increasing. From 15mph to 33mph, my speed record was climbing. I could do tricks that I couldn’t before. Still, trying to learn some moves would almost end up with me breaking down in frustration. I would try over and over again not able to execute the move or make any progress. In those moments, I would forget that sometimes the skaters around me had years, sometimes decades, more time and experience to learn. I recognized that feeling; those moments felt just like being at MIT, surrounded by students with years of experience at X or Y and internalizing my lack of demonstrated ability as “I’m just not cut-out for X and Y. But when I saw those same skaters struggling to learn a new move or to unlearn a bad habit, it reminded me that we all are learning. It can be hard to feel like you’re making any progress at MIT. A lot of progress is about building confidence and increasing tolerance for challenge â€" things that are hard to be proud of when they look like an almost-average on a test. But when I skate, there are still so many things that I can point to and say, “I couldn’t do that, but now I can.” T stopping. One foot skating. Backwards skating. I feel myself getting better. More balanced. More confident. More capable. Showing Others that They  Can Last year, I became certified to teach skating through the Skate Instructor’s Association (SkateIA) to help grow the community. In becoming an instructor, I realized that the responsibility of a teacher is about guiding those who can, but feel like they can’t, towards realizing their own ability. The moment this came together for me was at a skate camp this past August, when an uncle brought his niece to me. They were about to go home because she was in tears, unable to do a move called the pivot. And I was nervous as a first-time instructor, nervous that I’d be able to show her how to do it. But I remembered last year at this same camp, at least four different instructors explained and demoed this very same move to me, including a world-ranked slalom skater. I remembered how horrible it felt when everyone else had already moved on to the next move. How I felt like I was wasting everyone’s time and asking for too much help. Similar to how I’d felt asking friends for help on psets. And here this person was in front of me, avoiding eye contact and visibly deflated with no faith in herself whatsoever. Exactly how I’d felt a year ago. I broke down the move into three steps. She tried, didn’t get it, and seemed even more hopeless. We went back to the first step. I demoed just the first step. And she got it. I added the next step and she struggled a bit. But we worked together, trying different things and ways of explaining it. And she got it! She started looking cautiously confident and asked if we could add the next step. And when she got it, her face completely lit up. She’d felt it, one of the first moves in the slalom skating world. She didn’t go home. In fact throughout the camp I’d look over to check in on her and she was putting herself in the challenging groups. You could see the way she was pushing away the doubts and fears, drawing from an internally generated faith that wasn’t there before. And that’s what skating has given me that I want to give to others. Inspiring Each  Other Mitchell Gu ’18 and I started the MIT Inline Club this past year. As soon as it stops tempermental snowing in Boston, we’ll be skating into the city, around the esplanade with Ashay Athalye ’20, and teaching lessons again. And at some point after I graduate in June, I will skate across the U.S. Inspired by Yanise Ho, or Bladress, who’s skating across the US right now on $0 and lots of love and trust. She shares stories of the families who’ve welcomed her in, of strangers â€" now friends, who helped her continue on her way. And there’s a whole international community of skaters. Sao Paolo, Tokyo, Shanghai, Barcelona, Paris, Berlin That Russian girl who every inline skater knows because at least four of their friends have sent them her viral video. Instagrammer @irane_surf who rocks a hijab and inline skates in Indonesia. Thundrblade, a Kyoto based startup, is launching their crowdsourcing for the first electric inline skate next week. Everywhere, people are redefining what it means to skate. Why I  Skate For me, skating has been a way of challenging myself to connect with people so different from me, joined together by this community of people who’ve made it their own. As a lifestyle. As an extension of themselves. As a way to be a positive force in their community. As a method of sharing one’s life experience with others. And as a way to make the world a better place. This is my first post as an admissions blogger and I chose to write about skating because of how much its helped me grow and thrive at MIT. My name is Caroline Mak, and its nice to meet you. Post Tagged #Chicago

The Effects Of Violent Media On Children - 971 Words

In discussions of violent media on children, one controversial issue has been that violent media effects children in a negative way. On the one hand violent media causes children to build up aggression, and are at risk to be more criminally active as adults. My own view, is some people blame violent media for children’s aggression, but media provides knowledge of what the content contains, to caution viewers from violent action. Violet media can also be beneficial to children, it causes them to express built up emotion and there is no direct connection between violent media and children being violent. Some parents who have aggressive children, look at violent media as the problem. The parents are more to blame because they are allowing children to view media that is not made for their age. Jack Valenti, President and Chief Executive of Motion Picture Association of America stated, â€Å"These ratings give advance cautionary warning to parents so they can decide what movies th ey want their children to see or not to see† (Valenti 1). Valenti’s point is that the companies that produce violent content, provide ratings to let parents know whether it is suitable for children. Parents control what children see, so they need to make the decision of whether violent media helps or effects their children. Valenti stated, â€Å"We (meaning parents) should listen to the children, the youngsters in grammar school†¦ They are best equipped to tell us if the media is the complete villain, if whatShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children952 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of violent media being beneficial for kids, most of us will readily agree that there is an ongoing debate on whether or not children should be exposed to violence. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether violent media can help children express their rage and other feelings that they are taught to deny. Whereas some are convinced that exposure to juvenile violence in the media is harmful to children, others maintain that it can help themRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children975 Words   |  4 PagesIn discussions of violet media on children, one controversial issue has been that violent media effects children in a negative way. On the one hand violet media causes children to build up aggression and are at risk to be more criminally active as adults. My own view, is some people blame violent media for children’s aggression but media provides knowledge of what the content contains, to caution viewers from violent action. Violet media can also be beneficial to children, it causes them to expressRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children901 Words   |  4 PagesIn discussions of violent media, one controversial issue is whether violet media, like videogames, or comic books have a negative or positive effect on kids. On the one hand, some people argue that they enjoy expressin g built up anger and emotions through reading comic books. On the other hand, violent media can effect young children and have them think it’s okay to be violent in real life. My own view is violent media does cause kids to have a mindset that killing or violent actions are okay toRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children1813 Words   |  8 PagesEffects of Violent Media on Children With the growth in popularity in films, media has been a major influence in people’s lives. In recent years we see movies and tv shows impacting the way we talk, move, and even think. In recent events, theories on violent behavior have emerged with the belief that media is causing it. The issue becomes even more serious whenâ€Å"...watching violence in the media becomes enjoyable and does not result in the anxious arousal that would be expected from seeing such imageryRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children2635 Words   |  11 Pages4: The Effects of Violent Media Introduction As the internet becomes an essential part of daily life for most of the population, the youth have quickly adopted its usage. The increased availability of television, film, music, and video games has made these forms of entertainment popular choices for young consumers. Along with the increase in media options, media’s depiction of violence has increased as well. Concern over the increased violence in the media has prompted research on its effect of childRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Children And Youth990 Words   |  4 PagesEssentially since media is more violent than ever, and children and youth are getting more attracted to violent media. Studies on violent media shows a clear evidence that violence on media rises the possibility of aggressive behaviors in both short-term and long-term situations (Rowell Huesmann, Moise, Podolski, Eron, 2003). Most researchers agree that aggressive behaviors are more disposed to the harmful impact of violence on media. The ne gative effect is much larger for younger children because theyRead MoreThe Effects of Violent Media on Children, Adolescence, and Adults2656 Words   |  11 PagesThe Effects of Violent Media on Children, Adolescence, and Adults Cheri Burns COM/220 August 17, 2011 Mary McWilliams The Effects of Violent Media on Children, Adolescence, and Adults Violence in every form of media is a part of daily life. Children of all ages all over the world are being affected by violence in one form or another. This paper is focusing on television and gaming that children are engaged in. There have been many studies looking at this problem and ways to prevent childrenRead MoreViolent Media Does Not Have an Effect on Children Essay1974 Words   |  8 Pages Violent media is a prominent part of Americas culture. America is the home to dozens of multimillion dollar industries that specialize in making violent media. This media usually has a rating label on it, categorizing it as being made for young children, teens, or adults. The purpose of this is to protect children from the disturbing and/or violent scenes depicted in the media. Yet, millions of children under the age of 17 still have free access to violent media. However, even though childrenRead MoreViolent Media Is Good For Kids1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the topi c of violent media, some of us would readily agree it’s a controversial subject as to whether kids should or shouldn’t be exposed to it. This is because many children who view violent media react negatively rather than not being affected at all. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of what effects does it have on children. Whereas some are convinced that it is a healthy alternative for kids to express themselves, others maintain that it causes kidsRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior1590 Words   |  7 Pagescorrlation between violent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discussed the relationship between usage of violent media and aggressive

Research Paper Why Is It Necessary To Study Literature

Research Paper: Why Is It Necessary To Study Literature? Sad as it may be, a lot of young people nowadays find it hard to cope with the school literature curriculum and keep wondering what good it does to scrupulously examine the lives of fictional characters who are just a figment of somebody’s imagination. So, is it actually a waste of time or there is more to it, than it seems? Although a book is actually created by the writer’s imagination, the personages are endowed with the character traits and behavior models of real people. Therefore, literature is a great source of psychological information and introduces us to the most typical human problems. Even if you are reading a work of the seventeenth century, you will be able to draw parallels with your life and environment. Reading makes you feel as if you were in the characters’ shoes and sympathize with them or feel indignant with their actions. Moreover, it teaches you about the world, since within a few seconds you are able to immerse into a different historic period or transfer to the other part of the world. It helps you learn new things about the world we are living in, but at the same time it clearly shows how similar we all are despite the difference in the location, race and age. When you read a book and identify yourself with the character, you actually identify yourself with thousan ds of other people around the globe, who share your feelings. To sum up, literature is meant to help us learn a lot about the people and the surrounding world and on the basis of this knowledge to form our outlook on the world. It teaches us to feel and use our imagination, which is by all means important in your formation as a personality.

Network Hardening Free Essays

Network Hardening Unit 8 Assignment 1 It is very important to go through the process of hardening. Hardening is where you change the hardware and software configurations to make computers and devices as secure as possible. I picked the network layout 1-the workgroup . We will write a custom essay sample on Network Hardening or any similar topic only for you Order Now First with the workstations and laptops you need to shut down the unneeded services or programs or even uninstall them. I would also have some good anti-virus software on the workstations. You also need a hardened image for all of your workstations. To do this you need to install a new copy of the operating system and then harden it. After you have one good hardened workstation you can use it as a model for all other workstations and also laptops. For the router you definitely need to protect it from unauthorized access. The router needs to be password protected and you should periodically change that password. For the cable modem you should keep all unwanted ports closed. I would also schedule a regular scan of all the systems. Now for some of these next things I am talking about they will apply to all devices . Disable remote administration. Administration of your router / access point should be â€Å"local only†, namely, there is no reason to let people from another country access to your network hardware. If you need to make changes, you should be local to the device. Update the firmware. Believe it or not, consumer network hardware needs to be patched also. Check the support site of the vendor of the device when you get it and check for an update. Sign up for e-mail alerts for updates, if available, or check back on a regular basis for updates. How to cite Network Hardening, Essay examples

Lecture Notes about Concepts Of Abnormality And Mental Health

Question: Describe about concepts of abnormality and mental health? Answer: 1.1 Definition Example Abnormality Abnormality can be defined as a psychological disorder due to psychological changes in the functioning of the brain. The behaviors of the individuals are undesirable which leads to deviation from the social norms. The analysis of the case of a child abuse behavior by his father shows that the child is abused by his father as the father learned the abusive behavior from his father and did not learn the appropriate techniques of parenting (prezi.com, 2015). Normality Normality can be defined as the state in which an individual remains normal. A behavior is considered as a normal behavior if it is most common behavior that conforms with the behavior existing in the society (Baxter, 2006). A father taking care of his children using minimum abusive words or expression. This is normal behavior executed by the father towards his child. It shows that the father is aware of the parental techniques (Abnormal Psychology, 2015). Definitions Explanation Evaluation Statistical Infrequency The behavior of the individual will be considered as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual. It can be said the one whose IQ level is less than the normal level of IQ is considered to be an abnormal person. But a person whose IQ level is more than the ideal level of IQ is not considered as an abnormal person. The person would be considered as intelligent. It is seen that the abnormal behavior is rare. It is statistically unusual for an individual to showcase such behavior. But prolonged abnormal behavior is not acceptable to the society (Supplemental Material for Multilevel Models From Biology to Psychology: Mission Impossible?, 2013). Deviation from the Social Norms The deviation of the behavior of individual from the rules acceptable in a particular group is considered to be abnormal. In such cases the behavior of the individual is considered to incomprehensible and it might make other feel threatened of uncomfortable. The degree of the disorder depends on the range to which the norm set in the society is violated. The individual may portray certain behavior which is abnormal in nature, eccentric (Hoeksema, 2015). Failure to function adequately Inability of the individual to meet the demands of the everyday life is considered abnormal. The features that shows the failure to function properly includes maladaptiveness , loss of control , unpredictable behavior , irrational behavior .There are certain behavior executed by the individual that causes discomfort in the individual. Violation of the social and moral standards is also shown by the individual (Comer, 2014). Deviation from ideal mental health The behavior of the individual deviates from the normal or ideal behavior. The ideal characteristics that are considered includes positive view about oneself, capability of the individual for growth and development, autonomy in the behavior of the individual and lack of independent behavior portrayed by the individual and development of positive relationship and friendship. A normal individual will show environmental mastery and will be able to meet the day to day demand of various situations. On the other hand an abnormal person suffers from mental disorder. The individual is not able to showcase the following features (Hindman and Kring, 2010). 1.2 Explanation Evaluation DSM IV DSM IV listed more than 250 types of mental disorders. According to this type, mental disorder is a clinically significant behavior or a psychological syndrome that is seen in an individual. The reason for such type of behavior can be as a result of certain amount of distress and disability in the individual (SLADE and WATSON, 2006). According to DSM it is stated that it cannot be assumed that the mental disorders are completely discrete entities with boundaries which are absolute in nature dividing it from the other types of mental disorders. It has five axes on the basis of which it is assessed. They are clinical disorders, general medical conditions, personality disorder or retardation mentally, problems that occurs psychologically and due to environmental factors and other functioning disorders. Example Alzheimers disease, mental retardation (Durand et al., 2003). ICD International classification of diseases is an international standard classification of diagnosis for variety of the health conditions. However it cannot be said to be similar with mental disorder. The symptoms of the disorder can be recognized clinically. The behaviors have been associated with various cases of distress which interfere with the personal functions of the individual (Fichter and Quadflieg, 2001). There are ten main groups on the basis of which the disorders are classified. They are mental disorders which are symptomatic in nature. The behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substances, schizophrenia, mood related disorders, disorders related to stress and somatoform disorders. It includes psychological disturbances, behavioral disorders, mental retardation. The disorders at the time of psychological development are also included. The emotional disorders can also be considered that arise at the onset of childhood and adolescence (Swift, Hall and Teesson, 2001). 2.1 Explanation Evaluation Biology The underlying assumption of the model is that the mental illness is a result of physical illness and therefore the diagnosis and treatment of the disease can be done in a specific way. The physical illness results in biochemical imbalances and changes in the nervous system. These factors affect results in mental instability and illness of the individual. The medical model can be therefore defined as the biological model. The physical problems are objective in nature whereas the biological problems are far more subjective. Behaviorism The behavior of the individual is observed and measured in this form of therapeutic treatment. It assumes that the behavior is a result of environment rather than genetics. The behaviorist possesses a deterministic view of the mental disorders. The model has led to the development of several behavioral therapies which has been successful. It has led to scientific study and evaluation. Psychoanalytical model The model assumes that the root causes of the mental disorders are psychological. The problems lie in the unconscious mind and the individuals lack defense mechanisms to protect themselves from anxiety. The observations of the psychoanalytical therapists are borne out of their everyday experiences. The childhood traumas of the individual are recollected by the individual who leads to such trauma. The theory provides a comprehensive framework that describes the personality of the individual. This mental illness can be treated by identifying the root cause of the problem that subsides in the unconsciously in the patient (Alanko et al., 2009). 3.1 Biological Therapy Pros Cons ECT Electroconvulsive therapy reduces the number of the neural connections that are involved with depression and other illness. This gives rise to new connections in the other parts of the brain. It gives rise to the growth of new neurons and hippocampus. ECT is considered as an extreme form of treatment. The treatment is uncontrolled and unwarranted in nature. It makes the patient docile. It leads to loss of memory. It also leads to loss of self esteem and the person. The person is unable to perform the routine task appropriately. Psychosurgery Psychosurgery is a neurosurgery for violent patients to reduce the level of stress of the individuals. It is done to provide treatment for mental disorders like anxiety, depression and OCD. The symptoms of these disorders could be reduced by the psychosurgery. Psychosurgery results in permanent inability of the individual to inhibit the impulses. It creates an unnatural tranquility in the individual. The surgical procedure is highly risky. Failure to carry the procedure in an effective way can result in health risks. It leads to several health problems like bleeding of the brain, stroke, infection, problems in the heart, nausea. It can also lead to infection. The after effects of the surgery include change of mood frequently with insomnia. It can also lead to panic attacks. Medication The medication via drugs is preferred by the patients. It reduces the suffering of the patients. The drugs are absorbed via the blood easily. It produces dependable and reproducible effects. The treatment via medication is non invasive in nature and leads to high level of satisfaction of the patients. Medication treatment can be uncooperative sometimes as the absorption of the drug occurs slowly. There are various side effects to the medication treatment. It can lead to degradation of the stomach acid and the enzymes. It also leads to various side effects in the body like certain local reactions (Kalat, 2001). Psychological Therapy Pros Cons Cognitive Cognitive approach changes the thought process of the individual and the actions of the individual are influenced by the behavioral therapy. The negative thoughts of stress, depression are eradicated from the mind in this form of therapy. Individuals suffering from insomnia, stress disorder are benefitted. The process requires full commitment from the patients which is hard to obtain. It can only deal with simple mental hazards. The complex problems cannot be solved by this therapy. The therapy fails to explore the underlying problems of the disease. The therapy is time limited thus the long term problems cannot be treated. Humanistic The therapy focus on the positive nature of human kind. The change is brought in the individual by bringing a positive outlook in the thought process of the individual. The individuals are benefitted from the core components of the therapy that help to bring the desired change in the individual. The outcomes of humanistic approach such as self actualization and self awareness cannot be tested in a scientific manner. The treatment produces mixed results. The success rate of this form of treatment is less. Psychoanalytical The deeply ingrained personality problems of the individuals are solved by this form of therapy. The therapist tries to understand the deep root cause of the problem. The success rate of the therapy is more. The process of treatment is lengthy. The patient has to be very involved with the therapist and it involves several weekly visits. This might be strenuous for the patient. CBT The cognitive behavioral therapy examines the thought process of the individual. Several behaviors are suggested to help the individual. These include deep breathing exercises and other forms of exercise. It provides treatment to individuals suffering from anxiety disorders. This form of psychological therapy is more oriented towards bringing change in the behavior of the individual. The patients are given less opportunity to talk with the psychoanalyst. The success rate of the treatment is less (Pfammatter, 2006). Evaluation of Biological Therapies as compared to the Psychological therapies The biological therapies approach towards the psychological disorders that have biological causes. It tries to alleviate the symptoms of the psychological disorders. The mind and the body are viewed as connected to one another. The poor health problems lead to mental problems. On the other hand the psychological therapy explores the reason behind the illness by identifying the root cause of the illness. The therapist treats the patient at a personal level so that the patient can manage vast areas of the life. References Abnormal Psychology. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.316-325. Available at: https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15.pdf [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Harlaar, N., Witting, K., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Johansson, A., von der Pahlen, B. and Sandnabba, N. (2009). Common Genetic Effects of Gender Atypical Behavior in Childhood and Sexual Orientation in Adulthood: A Study of Finnish Twins.Arch Sex Behav, 39(1), pp.81-92. Baxter, P. (2006). Normality and abnormality.Developmental Medicine Child Neurology, 48(11), pp.867-867. Comer, R. (2014).Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology. 7th ed. pp.97-300. Durand, V., Barlow, D., Barlow, D. and Trull, T. (2003).Essentials of abnormal psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Fichter, M. and Quadflieg, N. (2001). The structured interview for anorexic and bulimic disorders for DSM-IV and ICD-10 (SIAB-EX): reliability and validity.European Psychiatry, 16(1), pp.38-48. Hindman, D. and Kring, A. (2010).Study guide to accompany Abnormal psychology, 11th edition [by] Ann M. Kring ... [et al.]. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Hoeksema, S. (2015).Abnormal Psychology. 5th ed. [ebook] pp.4-80. Available at: https://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/H141576.pdf [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Kalat, J. (2001).Biological psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. Pfammatter, M. (2006). Efficacy of Psychological Therapy in Schizophrenia: Conclusions From Meta-analyses.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(Supplement 1), pp.S64-S80. prezi.com, (2015).Abnormal IB Psychology. [online] Available at: https://prezi.com/yqvdodv4jrll/abnormal-ib-psychology/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. SLADE, T. and WATSON, D. (2006). The structure of common DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorders in the Australian general population.Psychological Medicine, 36(11), p.1593. Supplemental Material for Multilevel Models From Biology to Psychology: Mission Impossible?. (2013).Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Swift, W., Hall, W. and Teesson, M. (2001). Characteristics of DSM-IV and ICD-10 cannabis dependence among Australian adults: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63(2), pp.147-153.

Woodstock (401 words) Essay Example For Students

Woodstock (401 words) Essay WoodstockWOODSTOCK 99’From Peace, Love, and Music to Rapes, Riots, and Raw SewageOn the last night of the three day event, know as Woodstock, held in Rome, New York, at Giffiss Technology Park – a decompressed Air Force base many people have said that a riot occurred. But in reality the real riot happeneds of the course of the three day event, not as a single chaotic, explosive event but as a slow-motion disintegration of the chains that might hold 225,000 people together. What happened isn’t really hard to describe. With nothing more to hold them together, the crowd indured the heat, the sewage, the trash, and the drugs until all that was left was the feeling of standing in a tired, dirty crowd of people and at the end knowing you are all alone. We will write a custom essay on Woodstock (401 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In light of all the chaos the event will go down in history as one of the best rock concerts ever. Over the three day events notable bands such as Limp Bizkit, Kid Rock, Korn, Rage Against the Machine, Metallica, and the Red Hot Chilli Peppers played on two stages and entertained a more than 200,000 people. Along with the raves that were held every night, with DJ’s such as FatBoySlim and the Chemical Brothers hosting them, this festival showed to biggest range of music then the other two. But it was the one having the biggest accident record. Aside from the riots on the last night the New York State police have made forty arrest for crimes commited during the festival and are investigating more than ninety other reported crimes, including eight sex offenses. So far the death count from Woodstock stands at four: Two people dead as a result of heat exhaustion and one from a heart attack, and a women was hit by a car. Some blame the high ticket prices, which were $150 as well as the brutal heat, expensive cost for food and bottled water, nasty conditions and greedy promoters for the chaos the cause and estimated $600,000 in damage. Others have singled out aggressive artists like Limp Bizkit and Korn, which in my opinion is an idiotic excuse for any act of violence. â€Å"Any time you put 220,000 kids on a slab of asphalt and you charge those prices, something is going to go wrong,† Lars Ulrich of Metallica. Music Essays

Health Care †Based on Social Good Will, Not Profit

Health Care – Based on Social Good Will, Not Profit Free Online Research Papers It is no secret that health care costs are spiraling out of control in this country. The approach that the United States government has taken towards the public health-care system should be completely reevaluated. Instead of being the only major industrialized nation that does not have a public system to cover working people who cannot afford it or who do not receive private health insurance from their employers, we can adopt a system that takes the cost of health care away from individuals and evenly distributes it back to society as a whole. On average Americans spend more per person on their health care than on both groceries and housing (California Progress Report). The policies on this issue are leading us into alarmingly high rates of insurance premiums that are rising faster than inflation, which puts a halt to economic growth and leaves employer businesses with less money to give raises to working people who do not make enough to pay for an individual policy for themselves and their family. While the superiority of and accessibility to medical care in the United States remains among the best in the world, it leads us to wonder whether we would be better off implementing a universal government-controlled health care system like the ones used in Canada, Cuba, England, and France. Since most companies that are providing these benefits are working together with the lobbyists that are putting this system into place for their own gain, they don’t want it to change for many reasons. One of them being that health care coverage should be for the benefit of simple profit and not to protect peoples’ lives. The Documentary Sicko directed by Michael Moore documents the hidden tactics of your typical friendly â€Å"All American Insurance Companies.† While profit is a market- driven force, they compromise to save money through denial of care and lowering provider costs. This leaves the problem only temporarily fixed, and makes it hard for low income-income families to get good health care. (sicko-themovie.com/) A solution to this is to motivate the working people to get in contact with a green party group to pass a single universal health care bill or referendum in their state. State level bills and referenda will be most effective because a federal health care system might in fact be too problematic because it is not politically realistic at this moment. We all recognize that these corporations are able to buy politicians who can persuade the citizens that corporate health care is independent, represents free will, and is the most practical system for delivering health care. For instance, one out of every five people in California has no health insurance at all, and most of them are average to low middle-income working people (Kuehl,Sheila CaliforniaProgressReport, Floor Statement Health Care Reform and AB 8,January 11,2007). Usually, their employer will not provide this coverage since they do not make enough to pay for their individual policy for them and their loved ones. When it comes to those who do have insurance, many are underinsured and are much taken aback to discover that their insurance does not cover a large amount of their costs if they get ill or injured. â€Å"In fact half of all the personal bankruptcies in America are caused by medical costs and three-quarters of those bankrupted had insurance at the time they became ill or injured† (Kuehl,Sheila CaliforniaProgressReport, Floor Statement Health Care Reform and AB 8,January 11,2007). Hypothetical person-A is a Vietnam veteran who suffers from hypertension and diabetes, like most elderly people he is need of affordable health care to survive. With the added cost of medical care people are forced to pay for medical expenses out of pocket. Person-A like many others is thus forced to sell his home in order to pay his medical bills, a action which is unjust and illustrates the flaws in our Medicare system. More evidence of the inefficiency with the medical system was displayed in a recent poll. A Field Poll specially made by the California Wellness Foundation revealed that 80% of Californians want the government to guarantee access to affordable health care coverage when asked why healthcare costs are increasing, the majority pointed to excessive insurance company profits, followed by waste, fraud and inefficiency The combinations of these neglected acts are held responsible for the current disarray that the state of this nation is in. (www.californiaprogressreport.com) When it comes to government-controlled health care systems, we have to examine nations like Canada, Cuba, England, and France which have monopolistic health care systems that are seen by different sides of the ideological spectrum as either models to be followed or avoided. Three ways that government-controlled health care systems do more good than harm are: 1) they get people to stop spending money on useless coverage and care; 2) prevent the screening of the sick and the elderly in their drive to register only healthy and profitable patients; and 3) have the private insurers stop throwing away vast sums of â€Å"our money† for advertisement and the underwriting that lead to exploitation of these activities. This spending only enhances companies earnings and takes away resources from care which hurts patients and leads to irate physicians who deal with useless paperwork imposed on doctors’ offices and hospitals, throwing away hundreds of billions more each year. Illu strating that a universal government program would be a superior option compared to the corrupt and inefficient one that is in place now. According to the New England Journal Review, the solution is to inform the people of the actual truth to where their money is being used by insurance companies. The added cost of illness, medical bills and prescription drugs accounts for half of all U.S. bankruptcies, making it the highest in the world. Other industrialized nations spend less on nationwide health care, and the citizens are guaranteed to have coverage for life. They have more superior access to care than we do in our system. According to the Physicians for a National Health Program the solution to this madness is to replace all the private insurance companies and create a single-payer public program- â€Å"Medicare for All – saving more than $350 billion per year, enough new money to provide guaranteed comprehensive health benefits for all†. With the added surplus we can finally get the right start. (New England Journal of Medicine, 2003) Our privatized system shows its inefficiency from the start when compared to that of Canada’s. As shown on The Canadian Institute for Health Information, â€Å"In contrast to the roughly 20 percent overhead of insurance companies, Canada’s single-payer program runs for 1 percent overhead.† Canada promotes this efficient work through a medical profession with a self-governing College of Physicians and Surgeons. The licensing physicians are responsible for setting practice standards, educating and disciplining its members. In America many companies play favoritism with the healthy and profitable patients, over the elderly and sick. Health care has always demonstrated a foundation that vividly displays a full, joyful quality of life. Our American constitution was created to represent all our citizens regardless of their backgrounds. Health care is a standard human right that should be paid for all citizens, not a privilege to be indulged by the affluent. A singl e-payer national health insurance program would promise access to high-quality and complete health care for all Americans. These savings allow universal coverage for a much cheaper price. (http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb) I recall a time when my mother’s union the Teachers Federation was involved in disagreements over health benefits for the past 10 years. Universal coverage is the most logical step to defuse this debatable issue, providing independent benefits regardless of employment status, by allowing business greater flexibility in whom they want to hire. As shown by Richard Alvarez, the Canadian Institute for Health information states that close to a third of the U.S. population’s health cost is spent on blind administrative costs and open marginal profits instead of actual care, adding to $2,300 per person. The total elimination of these private insurance companies and reorganization of health financing through a single public payer could greatly halt the expenditure of wasted money under the private system. Many analysts estimate that the United States can put aside $350 billion in 2003 with a single-payer system. Counting the current combination of what we are currently spending out-of-pocket and in taxes, that is sufficient to afford full coverage to everyone without spending any more than we are now. With just these obvious procedures, it alarms me how much can be done if we streamline our deficiencies that lead us to these alternative options. (http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/en/downloads/partner_conf_oct2003_report_e.pdf ) One of the best steps for the American health system to regain a compatible coverage system seen in other industrialized countries is making everyone a winner. Every American should be awarded a basic health insurance card that would enable them a full range of benefits to any doctor or hospital site. All patients, regardless of background or economic status, should not have to pay a deposit and should not have to receive medical bills. This win-win situation will allow doctors and hospitals to be winners, if we create a single national health act and fund that will pay out for coverage and prevent insurance companies from being the primary financiers. Simply preserving all the waste that is attributed to them, such as the official procedures, savings would be enough to provide coverage for all without spending any more. Not only will it cost less by saving $ 350 billion, it will stimulate job growth and the U.S. economy by taking the weighty expenses off small and large private bus inesses. Another way in alleviating this problem is by educating ourselves. One of the best ways to start is to have congress pass this and have them support it. We can also bring materials and collaborate with members of your church, community, and labor groups who are activist who have held strong to their principles, and soon found what was the impossible was not impossible.. Having to outline the necessary steps of achieving a public health-system, it will create long-standing results that will be supported by many generations to come. Electing future presidential candidates John Edwards and Barrack Obama, are all fundamentally the same since they want to provide subsidies for the purchase of private insurance. The only difference between them and our current President Bush is how big the subsidies will be, and how insufficient the coverage will be. If we want to find a remedy for our problem then our approach may take a Republican President to sell it and then to bless the socialization of health spending we so righteously need. Healthcare in California: An Essay by Senator Sheila Kuehl, January 11, 2007 (www.californiaprogressreport.com) Health Care Reform at the Close of the 20th Century : By The New England Journal of Medicine, 2003) Health care in Canada Date published: September 20, 2007, (www. www.nejm.org), Sicko:Dir Michael Moore. Prod. Jane Rosenthal: Sicko truth Squad Set CNN Straight – Again, July 11th, 2007 8:44 pm, (michaelmoore.com/sicko/news/article.php?id=10026) Healthcare Care In Canada: Healthcare in Canada 2007- A new direction for a familiar health information resource: September 20, 2007 (www.secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/.com) Research Papers on Health Care - Based on Social Good Will, Not ProfitThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentGenetic Engineering

Personal Development Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Development Paper - Essay Example Before the eight stages of development, the prenatal stage is the first stage in personal development. In this case, B. Newman and P. Newman (2011) noted, that life development started after inception. Although my mother provided scanty details about my life when I was in her womb, the scanty information that she provided me with indicated that I used to kick her womb when my father was supporting her during the pregnancy. In addition, I could kick and turn every time that my father touched her bulging stomach. Perhaps an indication that I was happy with life. The infancy stage, which is the period after birth to two years, is â€Å"a period of strikingly rapid development† (B. Newman, & P. Newman, 2011). At this stage, I experienced physical growth and started showing coordinated partnered behavior. My mother told me that I was able to develop an attachment with her within the first month of birth. In this case, she told me that I was able to develop a sense of trust in her since she was always available every moment that I required her in my life. Hence, I developed the cognitive aspect that made me realize when she was available and when she was not available. In addition, my mother told me that I was able to grow physically and weighed more than twice my birth weight one year after I was born. B. Newman and P. Newman (2011) identified the second stage as the stage of toddlerhood, which is the period between 2 and 3 years. In line with this, my mother told me that I was playing around at this age and was always busy and enjoyed every moment of my life while exuding confidence by doing things on my own, which is an indicator that I was developing a sense of autonomy. I realize that I developed this sense of autonomy due to trust that I developed in my mother during the infancy stage. On the other hand, I was able to develop the cognitive aspect of speech, and I

Monetary Control Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monetary Control - Coursework Example It is very interesting to note that a bank losses money when a loan is repaid. The currency is destroyed and disappears from the economy entirely. Open Market Operations are one of the primary tools that the Federal Reserve employs to accomplish its monetary policy objectives (Axilrod, n.d.). They entail the acquiring and selling of government securities. The Federal Reserve has no power to choose whom it engages in business activities. The primary dealers operate on a price basis to gain access to the open market operations. Open Market Operations facilitate the Federal Reserve to influence the supply the reserve balances in the banking system. The effect is on short-term interest rates to spread to other monetary policy targets (Axilrod, n.d.). Open Market Operations allow central banks the flexibility to manage the volume of financial operations on their initiative. The domestic trading desk of the Federal Bank of New York under the supervision of the Federal Open Market Committee conducts open market transactions (Axilrod, n.d.). The federal funds rate does respond to changes in demand for and supply of the reserves in the banking system. It, therefore, shows a good sign of the existence of credit in an

Impact Of Media On Global Social Movements Politics Essay

Impact Of Media On Global Social Movements Politics Essay In this paper my aim would be to bring forth various views and theories of social movements and explore the evolution of global social movements in the recent past. In the later part of my paper I would be discussing the role of mass media in global social movements and would also include the concept of new media and contemporary social networks in the cyber space and their impact on global social movements. But first I would like to start with a few definitions and views on global social movements by eminent scholars and intellectuals. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS The term social movements was introduced in 1850 by the German Sociologist  Lorenz von Stein  in his book History of the French Social Movement from 1789 to the Present. Since then, the term has taken different meanings and interpretations. Charles Tilly  defines social movements as, a series of contentious performances, displays and campaigns by which ordinary people made collective claims on others  [1]  .  For Tilly, social movements are a major vehicle for ordinary peoples participation in public politics. Sidney Tarrow  defines a social movement as,  collective challenges to elites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions with elites, opponents and authorities  [2]  . Scholars like Escobar see social movements as sources of alternatives, hopes and theories of how the world can be made differently  [3]  . Bourdieus argument on social movements is that, its not the market, as its tr ied to make us believe today, but the social movement, which has civilized the market economy while largely contributing to its efficacy  [4]  . Touraine, on the other hand, contends that social movements are not positive or negative agents of history, of modernization, or of the liberalization of mankind. They act in a given type of social production and organization  [5]  . His views differ from the romanticisers of social movements and from those who define a social action mainly in terms of effectiveness in bringing about social change or resistance, to varying degrees, like McAdam and Snow  [6]  . Social movements are also seen as organizational and political opportunities by some and as effects as well as results of power structures, class struggles and identity politics by others. Some like Rucht find the value by combining them and arguing that a social movement exists to the extent that the following qualities are co-present: In structural terms, social movement s are networks of groups and/or organizations; regarding their aims, they are attempts to fundamentally change society (including power structures and basic values) or to resist such changes  [7]  . Global social movements have intensified in recent years; some of these movements contest not only the actual nature and consequences of current global socioeconomic relations but also the very foundation governing them. One of the reasons may be the global economic and technological integration which has consistently been disarming the traditional welfare function of the state and in turn generating increased misery, inequalities and conflicts. This has provided grounds for citizens and civil society groups of diverse origins to express their resentment and advance claims in increased numbers. There has been an emergence and consolidation of global civil society which is believed to be bigger and wider, offering a positive response, even counterweight, to a narrow notion that linked globalization to economic processes alone. I would like to begin my discussion on GSMs with some theories relating to social movements. THEORIES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT Typically, European social movement theorists tended to view contentious collective action through a Marxian lens, proffering structural analyses to varying degrees. However, a paradigm shift occurred which delineated old social movement theory (class based) from new social movement theory (culture based). I would discuss some theories relating to social movements like collective behaviour theory, resource mobilisation theory, political process theory, social constructionist theory, new social movement theory and the networks theory. Collective Behaviour Theory This theory states that social movements differ a little from other group manifestations, such as panics, crowds and crazes. Generally, this theory advanced the notion that social movements were little more than the most well-organized and self-conscious part of an archipelago of emergent phenomena, ranging from fads and rumours, to collective enthusiasm, riots, movements and revolutions  [8]  . There have been different approaches to this theory. Beginning with Symbolic interactionism which is a variant of classic collective behaviour theory wherein creative agency triumphs over structural determination, and the creation and interpretation of meaning are the key. This model views collective behaviour as the spontaneous development of norms and organization that contest the status quo, and provoke individual reactions to social disintegration, which then form into a general, collective response. Another version of collective behaviour theory parallels the overarching theoretical paradigm of structural-functionalism in an attempt to link broad, structural factors to specific occasions of collective behaviour unfolding in several necessary stages like, structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized beliefs that provide meaning and motivation and events or actions that catalyse collective behaviour; physical mobilization of actors; and the absence or suspension of social control  [9]  . The third approach identifies Relative deprivation as the motivating force behind collective action represents another variant of classic collective behaviour theory. In sum, this concept stipulates that a group decides to act collectively when people judge themselves as lacking certain resources in relation to another group. Resource Mobilization Theory The demise of the collective behaviour paradigm came about during the tumultuous 1960s with the advent of new social movements. According to McAdam  [10]  , theorizing social movements as a response to social strain was problematic in that it did not take the larger political context into consideration. In assigning causation of social movements to individual discontent, collective behaviour was considered abnormal and apolitical. Resource mobilization theory arose during the 1970s as a response to the shortcomings of collective behaviour theory. It held that in contentious collective action, passion gave way to rational calculation, and the collective good acquiesced to individual gain as mobilizing factors. Thus, activism relied on the ability of social movements to muster resources and engage in planned, rational action  [11]  . In this analysis, activists were not considered under the sway of sentiments, emotions, and ideologies that guided his or her action; rather, coll ective behaviour should be understood in terms of the logic of costs and benefits as well as opportunities for action Proponents of this model argued that increased personal resources, the professionalization of activism and the availability of external financial support could adequately account for contentious collective action. The focus, therefore, was on resource aggregation, and facilitation by social movement organizations (SMOs), formal or professional organizations that identify their goals with those of a social movement. In contrast to collective behaviour theory, which focused on why collective action occurred, resource mobilization theory attempted to answer the persistent question of how social movements organized and mobilized. Political Process Theory The political process model developed as an alternative to resource mobilization theory. Here, the success or failure of social movements depended on political opportunities created by ruptures in the institutional structure and the ideology of power-holders  [12]  . Three essential components comprise this theory. The first demarks the political structure as an external factor not under the direct control of challengers, but critical to a movements success. The second is an internal factor: the organizational strength of activists, the product of interaction between movement members, leaders and incentives. The final component is McAdams  [13]  cognitive liberation, or a change in group consciousness whereby potential protesters see the existing social order not only as illegitimate, but also as subject to change through their own direct efforts  [14]  . Thus, revolutions owe less to the efforts of insurgents than to the work of systemic crises which render the existing regime weak and vulnerable to challenge from virtually any quarter. Social Constructionist Theory Social constructionism approaches collective action as an interactive, symbolically defined and negotiated process among participants, opponents and bystanders  [15]  . Central to this theory is, the concept is of framing, which describes how activists make sense of their social worlds  [16]  . Frames constitute shared understandings and identities that generate the trust and cooperation amongst activists necessary for collective action. In the context of social movements, frames dignify discontent, identify grievances and assemble the grievances of various groups  [17]  . Grievances are framed in three ways. Diagnostic framing identifies a problem as well as a target for action; and prognostic framing suggests solutions, including strategies and tactics specific to the target. Together, they mobilize consensus, creating a base from which movements may recruit; however, collective action is not the necessary outcome of this process. In order for people to act contentiousl y, they must have compelling reasons to do so. Thus, motivational framing provides inspiration and rationale for action  [18]  . New Social Movement Theory NSM theorists stressed that social transformation is mediated through culture as well as politics narrowly defined, that the personal and the cultural are as politically real as, and are not reducible to, power struggles in the state and economy  [19]  . As Melucci, observes, Conflicts move from the economic-industrial system to the cultural sphere. They focus on personal identity, the time and space of life, and the motivation and codes of daily behaviour  [20]  . That is to say, activists in new social movements turned their gaze inward, focusing on issues as they affected their personal lives, and pursuing social change through politicizing culture. Networks Theory The concept of networks helps to address the division created by a narrow focus on identity, as mediated through cultural analysis, in social movement theory. According to Castells, New information technologies, by transforming the processes of information processing, act upon all domains of human activity, and make it possible to establish endless connections between different domains, as well as between elements and agents of such activities  [21]  . Castells observes that, As people organized meaning around who they were, rather than what they did, the process of globalization relied on increasingly integrated networks of instrumental exchange  [22]  . According to Appadurai, the result of globalized communication and mass migration is the creation of diasporic public spheres, phenomena that confound theories that depend on the continued salience of the nation-state as the key arbiter of important social changes  [23]  . The electronic revolution has facilitated the g lobalization of capitalism; it has also enabled the globalization of protest, as Dyer-Witheford  [24]  observes: New information technologies therefore appear not just as instruments for the circulation of commodities, but simultaneously as channels for the circulation of struggles. Thus, social movements become increasingly global both in target and in form. The movements that oppose corporate globalization, like the Zapatistas and the Anti-Corporate Globalization Movement (ACGM), are prime examples of network-based social movements. My further discussions would primarily be based on this theory of networks in social movements with an emphasis on the rise of social networks in GSMs and their role in felicitating them. MEDIA AND GSMs In this part of my paper I would give a brief evolution of media as a tool for social change and would also discuss the use of ICTs in GSMs. I would give some examples of social media and would conclude this part with views of authors and scholars who are divided on the positive and negative role of media in social movements. MEDIA FOR CHANGE TRADITIONAL MEDIA Soon after the end of World War II the importance of mass media like newspapers, radio, cinema and television as accelerators in spreading ideas about progress and development began to be recognised. There are numerous examples in history where movements have been influenced by media. The issues at that time were more political than social but slowly, the same process was followed in carrying out social movements. It was already well documented how during War times radios and newspapers were used along with televisions to create a public sphere where people shared ideas and issues of common interest in a democracy. How leaders through their mesmerising speeches were able to instil patriotic feeling in their countrymen. These established norms gave way to the use of mass media in different social movements. In the Indian context one can find the use of such means during the Green Revolution, Family planning Communications. In Latin America, Paulo Freire (1971) used it for adult litera cy programmes. Even with the advent of the ICTs one can still find that the maximum amount of information dissemination in social movements, even today, is done through these means. May it be an environmental campaign or anti-corruption campaign, this mode still remains a dominant player in social change. NEW MEDIA: INTERNET The battles of Seattle, Washington, Prague and Genoa, with an unforeseen mixture of nationalities and movements, became world news. Interestingly, the new media seemed to play a crucial role in the organization of these global-protests. Internet has been widely used as a tool for social change and social movements in the recent past. I will illustrate some popular examples corroborating my statement. Zapatistas Movement Beginning in 1994, the Zapatistas used the Internet to turn a local dispute over land in Chiapas, Mexico into an international debate over the ill effects of corporate globalization. They incorporated their localized concerns over the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into an international agenda opposed to global economic policies that usurp national political sovereignty and recolonize debtor nations. The Zapatistas and their supporters worldwide thus fashioned an ideology that rejected neoliberalism, which for them refers less to policy or theory and more directly to degrading environmental conditions and escalating human rights abuses  [25]  . Thus, they used the Internet to weave a new electronic fabric of struggle  [26]  to rally support for their revolution throughout Mexico and across the globe. The Anti-Corporate Globalization Movement The Anti-Corporate Globalization movement built on the foundations laid by the Zapatistas, using the Internet to connect with social justice activists around the world, to serve as a forum for education and discussion, and to disseminate information unavailable in the corporate mainstream press. The Internet was also critical in the logistical organization of the massive demonstrations against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle in 1999. This protest marked the birth of the ACGM, which gathered within its folds other activist movements, organizations and networks. For the first time in living memory, possibly ever, many different grievances and causes were represented under one broad banner: social justice. Thus workers walked arm in arm with environmentalists, feminists, human rights workers, farmers, and fair trade advocates. The Battle of Seattle marked the beginning of a new form of activism: the new communication technology that made the globalization of capital possib le also spurred the globalization of protest and facilitated globalization from below. The Internet was instrumental in both shrinking vast geographical distances, and in disseminating a new sort of global consciousness. There was also the increased use of SMSs by the protestors in organizing and carrying out their protests. There were termed as Smart Mobs, though it is still not a major tool of social movement it has had its impact during the 1999 Battle of Seattle, 1992 Critical Mass Bicycle demos of San Francisco and September 2000 protest in Britain over fuel price rise. Many social movements relating to environment, health, etc. have taken post Seattle through use of ICTs, social networking, websites, etc. The Coffee Party on Facebook is one such example of a movement that was initiated and primarily carried out on the social networking site Facebook. Though these developments seem to hold both a bright future for social movements and interesting times for social movement researchers, nothing assures us that movements always make society more democratic  [27]  . Tilly advocates that, technological determinism ought to be avoided and that one should recognize that not all new features of soci al movements result from technical innovations but most of them from alterations in their social and political contexts  [28]  . Relying on ICT services also requires being able to cope with their risks and dangers therefore most 21st century social movement activity continues to rely on the local, regional, and national forms of organization that already prevailed during the later 20th century  [29]  . HOSTILE MEDIA One of the first detailed examinations of a social movement protest in the media focused on a mass demonstration held against the Vietnam War in Britain  [30]  . The demonstration involved approximately 60,000 protesters, most of who marched peacefully through the streets of London (with an insignificant number of protestors involved in violent actions). However, despite the overwhelmingly peaceful nature of the march, the media concentrated most of its coverage on the issue of violence  [31]  . There were differences between media outlets in their coverage; they were all united by the overall focus on the same limited aspect the issue of violence. The misrepresentation of this massive political rally, and the totality of the negative coverage across all media outlets led the investigators to conclude that such reporting poses extreme problems for democracy, which may only be remedied by some form of institutional rearrangement  [32]  . For any social movement to draw beneficial attention to its activities in the mass media, the first barrier it must overcome is the structural constraints of the medium itself. According to Herman and Chomskys  [33]  Propaganda Model, there are five filters through which all news must pass, that actively shape the medias content. These are (1) the size, ownership and profit orientation of the media, (2) advertising, (3) sourcing, (4) flak (criticism) and (5) anti-communist ideology, which can be interpreted as keeping the discourse within the boundaries of elite interests. According to Sidney Tarrow, The media are crucial in a social movements efforts to broadcast its demands. But the media are anything but neutral in the framing of activists concerns and events. On the one hand, the media provide a broad base for consensus formation that is difficult for movements to achieve on their own. On the other hand, while the media may not work directly for the ruling class, they certain ly do not work for social movements  [34]  . CONCLUSION The mass media is an important outlet for social movements, where the quality and nature of media coverage strongly influences how they are perceived in the public eye. It is important for social movements, whose transitional and adversarial nature weakens their ability to secure public legitimacy. Their outsider status, along with their usual resource-poor nature, means that traditional avenues of publicity are not easily accessible and forces them to rely on alternative methods to obtain media access. Traditionally, this involves some form of public spectacle like a protest to attract media attention. These activities have become accepted as mechanisms by which social problems are communicated in the public sphere, alongside public opinion polls and elections and they act as vital means by which citizens can signal their discontent  [35]  . Key to any social movements eventual success in reforming the current world order is its ability to garner majority support, which is severely restricted by the mass media. Global justice movements profess to want to mobilise entire communities worldwide to enable truly participative decision-making. However, if this is really the case, they need to consider whether the same media system that serves to naturalise and legitimise elite decision-making, can really encourage its antithesis, collective grassroots decision-making. It seems an anathema to even consider that by working on the terms set by the mass media, social movements are actually legitimising and tightening its hegemonic power over society, even while it simultaneously acts to de-legitimise or ignore the global justice movement. Therefore, it is time for social movements to take collective action. To start with, democratic media reform needs to be recast as an end in itself, a public good, not simply a means by which eac h movement can get its message out  [36]  . In this way, a media reform project can be linked to the wider array of social movements calling for a more equitable and participatory democracy.

The Problem Of Transnational Crime And Globalization Economics Essay

Over the class of human history the universe has proven to be a dynamic of all time germinating topographic point with changeless fluctuations in governmental signifier and political power. As humanity has shifted from the babyhood of civilisation to the most complex signifiers of authorities and political relations at that place has ever been a common complaint blighting their stableness, offense. With the origin of regulations there were instinctively people who sought to interrupt those regulations. The relationship between civilisation and offense is a complex and intricate issue. As civilisation raises the saloon in acceptable behaviour offense expands reciprocally to the new sum of limitations. An first-class illustration of the dynamic growing of offense is best scene in the development of multinational offense. Born from merely smuggling common points in a high duty environment, multinational offense has expanded into an luxuriant system of illicit trade, smuggling and drug dealing. Condemnable justness bureaus have struggled to maintain gait with this exponential addition in multinational offense, but they are hindered by built-in administrative and direction issues, viz. the mutualist nature of multinational offense and condemnable justness bureaus and the bureaucratic nature of condemnable justness organisations. The Situation Transnational offense has existed since the birth of autonomous states. With the separation of states there arose a possible market for goods and necessarily there arose those who would prehend a possible net income market. In its babyhood multinational offense chiefly consisted of the transit of legal goods through illegal channels to avoid high duties. There were of class other fluctuations, but for the most portion multinational offense was defined by the smuggling of common things such as salt and other basic demands. The first displacement to happen in footings of multinational offense came with the lessening in duties. To advance greater trade and more import and export, many authoritiess lowered trade limitations and duties. With the lowering of duties the market for common goods shrank vastly. There was still a demand for such things a salt, but now they could be provided lawfully for a really low monetary value, a monetary value low plenty to cut profoundly into the net income border of smuggling. With this cut into the bottom line runners were forced to spread out into new and other underrepresented fluctuations of illicit trade. One such fluctuation was the signifier most normally represented today by the multinational offense market, the smuggling of prohibited goods across international boundary lines. In truth all international offense is, in some signifier or another, a discrepancy of smuggling. Be it arms, money, people, or information, conveying a forbidden point across international boundary lines is smuggling. This fact exploded with the origin of globalisation which represented the biggest blessing to transnational offense since the creative activity of boundary lines. The conveyance of illicit goods across boundary lines became a much more complex and profitable thing with the spread of globalisation. As defined by Merriam Webster lexicon, globalisation is: the act or procedure of globalizing: the province of being globalized ; particularly: the development of an progressively incorporate planetary economic system marked particularly by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labour markets. Globalization has been marked by an exponential addition of engineering and loosened trade limitations that have drastically increased the mutuality between autonomous authoritiess. This mutuality has reciprocated and furthered the spread of globalisation as more states portion more cognition, wealth and chances. The Problem The important defect with the spread of globalisation is the elitism of the system. Whereas first universe states find the spread of globalisation a blessing to their economic system and position, 2nd and 3rd universe states have small to gain from the legal side of globalisation. As a consequence many less industrialised states turn to the illicit market to vie with their more industrialised rivals. The spread of globalisation serves many positive maps, but it is inherently tied to multinational offense. The simplest manner to explicate the relationship between multinational offense and globalisation is that one facilitates the other, i.e. globalisation helps to ease the growing and enlargement of multinational offense. Taken from chapter four of Transnational Crime in the Americas, Peter Andreas sums up the construct magnificently. â€Å" Governments face an progressively awkward but ineluctable quandary: policy steps that facilitate the flow of legal trade-improved transit systems, deregulating of transportation, denationalization of ports, and so on-also accidentally facilitate illegal trade. † This is the sad truth about the nature of globalisation and the effects it has on multinational offense. While there does be another option, to decelerate the growing of globalisation thereby impeding the advancement of multinational offense, this option is a failed program about from the oncoming. Moises Naim makes a really clear point on why it would be impossible to hinder the gro wing of globalisation in chapter 11 of his book. â€Å" History and common sense say that, in the long tally, market forces tend to predominate over those of authoritiess. † What this means is that, with the market presently focused on growing and multinational mutuality, authorities interceding will be countered in malice of the fact that that this market focal point is bolstering multinational offense. Globalization has served to increase both the legal and the illicit side of trade in many ways. One of the first is the exponential addition of engineering. As engineering increases the avenues upon which trade can happen addition. As an illustration consider transportation. A millenary ago smuggling was alive and prospering, yet ocean trips by see took months and the potency for lading to be damaged or destroyed in so much clip was high. As of today though, travel by ship is both faster and much more secure. To foster the analogy, the origin of aeroplanes revolutionized trade, illicit and legal. Even the steam engine revolutionized overland travel. Another avenue through which trade has prospered is the promotion of communications. While simply another facet of the engineering roar, communications have exhaustively revolutionized international trade and multinational offense to the extent that is has created wholly new signifiers of trade and offense. With the birth of the cyberspace and e-mail the inundation Gatess have been opened for trade. With eBay it is now possible to order a Peruvian rain stick from a place in Vancouver and have it delivered to the receiver in London as a birthday gift. Inversely, it is besides now possible to put a petition for a amount of illicit goods to be delivered by manner of an anon. electronic mail history without the two felons behind the enterprise of all time holding the demand to run into. The Possibilities There exist two chief political orientations of idea refering the proliferation of modern-day multinational offense. The two trains of idea are the â€Å" asymmetrical battle theory † and the â€Å" mutuality theory † put Forth by Moises Naim and Peter Andreas, severally. The two theories differ greatly in position refering the rise of multinational offense, but both writers present relevant and convincing statements for each instance. Moises Naim presents the thought that authoritiess are neglecting in the battle against multinational illicit trade due to the asymmetrical nature of the organisations in competition. Moises rapidly lists the rivals as governmental entities versus organized offense webs and bases the Southern Cross of his statement in the very nature of a bureaucratism versus that of a web. Harmonizing to Naim, all bureaucratisms tend to exhibit the same four key traits that limit their ability to vie against a net work. The first cardinal characteristic is that bureaucratisms tend to be really structured doing communicating between units non portion of the same perpendicular line of bid really hard. In comparing, webs are a loose group of single cells and that allows for rapid decision-making and alteration. The 2nd point that Naim makes is that authorities bureaus have to work within the restraints of a budget. Not merely that, but they have to get the budget which redirects manpower and concentrate from the arguably more major issue of contending the felons. Against this, webs draw their resources from their patronage, intending that financess are virtually illimitable depending on what is supplied and to whom. Continuing on, Naim draws attending to the political and legal bounds that authorities bureaus must work within, while illicit bargainers can work within the restraints of the jurisprudence when the demand suits them, but they besides have the option to work outside of the jurisprudence, which provides more manoeuvrability. Ironically, there is a really disposed quotation mark to sum up this thought taken from Transnational Crime in the America. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦if you play by the regulations and I can rip off a small, I get the benefit of both the regulations and my cheating. † Naim ‘s concluding point is the trouble authoritiess have working outside their ain boundary lines due to the limited authorization, linguistic communication issues and all the other jobs that accompany being in a foreign state. Against this, webs tend to be as comfy abroad as they are at place and even place is get downing to hold a looser definition to webs. The opposing theory to this is the dependence theory put away by Peter Andreas. Andreas describes the self-contradictory nature of the state/smuggler relationship get downing his point on the most obvious issue, runners depend on province Torahs for their being. This thought seems simple, but is genuinely instead profound. Andreas quotes Adam Smith about this. â€Å" A runner is a individual who, although no uncertainty blamable for go againsting the Torahs of the state, is often incapable of go againsting those of natural justness, and would hold been, in every regard, an first-class citizen had non the Torahs of his state made that a offense which ne'er meant to be so. † The fact here is that the Torahs put forth by authoritiess form the footing of the full entrepreneurship of smuggling. Andreas goes on to mention the corruptness and payoffs that ease the force per unit area runners face, and how these under the tabular array payments map as a type of illicit income revenue enhancement. This thought is besides expanded upon in that there are some countries of the universe where illicit trade forms the anchor upon which full economic systems are based. Much of Latin America can be referred to as narco-states ; in that, the greatest export they produce is narcotics. Furthermore, the same can be said for some parts of Southeast Asia. Mexico ‘s 3rd highest gross is remittal from Mexicans smuggled into the U.S. In the face of this, what ground do many topographic points have to check down on illicit trade? Furthermore, is it ethically sound to destruct the fiscal base of some states for any ground? Beyond corruptness, there is besides the fact that the money controlled by runners frequently enters the control of the province through legal channels. One such method is plus forfeitures Torahs. In add-on, much of the illicit goods that enter the state are for the really citizens whose revenue enhancements support a system that is opposed to the really goods they desire. There is besides the fact that much of the information the province has on runners is, in fact, recovered from other runners. Finally, what is arguably the most affecting ground behind the mutuality theory ; it is the really continuity of smuggling ( and the perceptual experience of it as a turning menace ) that is the most important for prolonging and spread outing jurisprudence enforcement. Examined more elaborately, this is could perchance be the footing upon which the remainder of the mutuality theory remainders. The Inference In the face of these two opposing point of views it seems that the mutuality theory holds greater weight. While there is an obvious asymmetrical nature to the battle between authoritiess and organized condemnable webs, the grounds does non back up the difference being that belittling. The current construction of bureaucratisms has managed some really important victory over organized offense. The job that is frequently cited is that even if one cell of the web is shut down another is ready to take over. While this statement seems to back up the asymmetrical theory, the inquiry remains, how are these displacements of power so easy? The mutuality between the province and the illicit trade webs allows for the easy displacement in power. It is easy to state that there is ever person waiting in the wings, but where do they get down to reform the lost connexions of the old mediator? Some corrupt functionaries must willing seek out, or readily accept, new participants to go on the concern of corruptness. If there were a crackdown on corruptness, illicit bargainers would bear much of the political force per unit area they are presently protected from. In add-on, if the construction of bureaucratisms is such a booby trap in the battle against illicit trade, why is at that place merely non a reorganisation of bureaucratisms? This deficiency of alteration could besides be attributed to the mutuality between the province and illicit trade. The current system works to stem some of the flow of illicit trade, but does non, can non halt it wholly. The necessary bond between the province and illicit trade is what keeps this blemished system in charge as a type of via media between what should be done about illicit trade and what is being done. Interdependency stands as the Southern Cross of the issues with the conflict between authoritiess and multinational offense. Equally long as there is such a strong bond between the two forces at that place will ne'er be any important advancement made on the forepart of multinational offense. And yes, while the asymmetrical nature of the battle between bureaucratisms and webs is an issue, it is non the major issue and may even stand for another facet of the job with mutuality. The Decision Ultimately, this weakness in the war on multinational offense is a direct representation to the weakness in the disposal of condemnable justness Fieldss. Whether there is more acceptance to the mutuality theory or the asymmetrical battle theory, both theories posit that there is an built-in weakness in the direction of the regulating organic structures of condemnable justness. Without some kind of elaborate scrutiny and re-haul off the system there can non be any existent alteration in the struggle between condemnable justness bureaus and multinational offense. Globalization is a existent and dynamic thing that is presently reshaping the class of universe history. However, with all of the good that this entails, there is besides much negative. As globalisation forces lowered trade limitations, increased transit locales, and deregulating of transporting to foster the ends of multinational mutuality, these same actions have served to ease the growing and worth of the multinational offense market. To antagonize this there must be a alteration in the direction of the condemnable justness bureaus dedicated to forestalling this. Without such a alteration there can ne'er be a decisive triumph on the multinational offense forepart.

Characterization: The Breakfast Club Essay

A professor named Peter Drucker stated, ‘’the most important thing in communication is hearing what isn’t said.’’ The quote basically means the ability to read the emotions and nonverbal communication of another person increases the understanding and elevates relationships. A prominent writer and producer named John Hughes directed a movie called The Breakfast Club where five students with nothing in common are faced with spending a Saturday detention together. At the beginning of the movie they have absolutely nothing to say to each other but by 4 P.M., they had bared their souls to each other and become good friends. The five main characters are introduced as Allison the Basket Case, Brian the Nerd, Claire the Princess, Andy the Athlete, and Bender the Criminal. John Hughes uses characterization in The Breakfast Club by showing people from totally different backgrounds can communicate and even agree on issues. A scholar named Ally Harper wrote a book called The Explanation of The Breakfast Club that stated adolescence is the time of transition between childhood and adulthood where development which leads to psychological, social and economic changes, and toward ever-increasing independence (4). Adolescence involves the development of a sense of identity; it is a time of questioning of relationships to parents and to peers, and of roles in society (Harper 5). From adolescence to adulthood, people will always stereotype you from how you present yourself too even where you grew up. Throughout your years of schooling, relationships will be formed, and as teenagers begin to move away from their parents, peer groups play a vital role. Adolescence place a lot of importance on belonging, on being included, and on being part of a group; group affiliation not only supplies emotional security, but also is a source of status and reputation with motivational properties (Harper 6). The cliques formed during adolescent years can define people in their social world and follow them to adulthood. The five students in The Breakfast Club were stereotyped by their fellow students and their warden for the day:  Claire the Princess who was also known as Miss Popularity, Brian is the geek, Andrew is the athlete (Sporto), Bender is the criminal, and Allison the Basket Case. The strict confines of high school separate the characters. Under normal circumstances, none of these teenagers would even speak to one another, but Saturday detention sets aside these divided groups of people and bring them together under a common ground. Their punishments that created the members of The Breakfast Club allowed them to move past these social norms and eventually they find this common ground by interacting with each other, and learning the details of each other’s lives by looking beneath all the stereotypes. The Breakfast Club was accurate in its portrayal of each characters in ternal psychological perspective. While in detention, they are expected to write about who they are in one thousand words. John Smith wrote a book called The Breakfast Club: Throughout the day, their actions reveal their innermost struggle involving their cliques and their home lives. As the movie progresses, we find out the reason each teen is in detention that culminates in a climactic discussion about who they really are, which ironically answers the essay none of them were going to write (except Brian). In the end, Brian is manipulated into writing a group essay for everyone in which he gives each person their defining nickname. While each student represents a different clique, together they form The Breakfast Club (15). Brian the nerd, has packed a nutritional lunch, which Bender associates this with him being a perfect nerdy child who has a loving mother who still packs his lunch for him. Furthermore, it is assumed that Brian is the nerd because he ends up writing everyone’s essays and is a member of aca demic clubs. Brian was also subjected to peer pressure which is defined as social pressure by members of one’s peer group to take part in a certain action, adopt certain values, or otherwise conform in order to be accepted (Smith 16). An example of peer pressure is when Brian chose to smoke weed with the rest of the group. Claire’s personality can be explained by reciprocal determinism which is defined as interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment (Smith 17). Claire’s parents are divorced and she is often used as a weapon by her Mother and Father to get back at the one another. The way Claire is treated at home affects her self-worth which leads her to feel the need to seek approval from others. In the movie, Brian describes her behavior as  conceited because she is a â€Å"popular† and looks down on those â€Å"under† her on the social hierarchy (Smith 16). This shows that her behavior, internal thoughts, and her environment are a ll contributing factors to her personality. In the movie, Bender falls victim to the fundamental attribution error. The fundamental attribution error is the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition (Smith 18). At home, Bender is treated badly, which contributes to his personality as being depicted as aggressive, and disrespectful. In Bender’s case, everyone attributed his actions to his personal disposition and did not take into account his home situation (Smith 19). Allison the Basket Case is in detention for no reason at all, she explains later in the movie, she was bored and had nothing else better to do. Allison’s psychological perspective can be explained by Maslow’s hierarchy: Physiological needs come first, followed by safety needs, and then the need to belong and feel loved. Allison had met the first two needs on the hierarchy and the next step was to fulfill the need to belong and feel loved. At home, Allison was ignored by her parents and at school she had no friends. These factors explain w hy she is so socially inept and served a Saturday detention that she did not even have. Allison admits to the group that she sees a shrink because she is compulsive liar. During her sessions, her shrink uses free association. Free association is a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing (Smith 20). Andrew the athlete, shows a frustration-aggression issue when he gets into an altercation with Bender. The frustration-aggression principle is the principle that frustration creates anger which can generate aggression (Smith 21). Andrew was aggressive towards Bender when Bender disrespected Claire after she repeatedly told Bender to knock it off, but Bender continued to meddle with her which led to Andrews aggressive side to show. Throughout the movie, we learn about all the different values and morals each family holds. Brian’s parents enforce him to be a straight-A academic student, while Benders family doesn’t even seem to care if he actually attends school. Claire’s parents support her role of being the most popular girl in school, and in contrast, Allison’s parents portray the image of not caring if their own child has any friends. The parents of Andrew the Athlete portrays the image  of wanting their son to the best Athlete while not caring what anger issues this may create later in his lifetime. John Hughes doesn’t use stereotyping and physiological concepts to build the characters. The punishments that led them to the actual detention defined the characters, but like most critics, they viewed John as using stereotypes and self-concepts as the actual defined characterization. The crime committed was the actual characterization created that attempted to introduce what the teenagers were actually like. A credited author named Fabian Kraft wrote The Themes Associated with The Breakfast Club that stated if we take the moment to look passed labels and cliques a person is associated with, then we may find that we are surprised to see that person is unique-not just who they portray themselves as. In The Breakfast Club, John Hughes did not intend to differentiate the families to portray how they influenced their own teenager’s values and morals in life. The child’s own personal problems led to the way they act in public. David Popenoe, a Professor of Sociology wrote an article called We Are What We See: The Breakfast Club that stated more and more children are growing up with personal problems, little empathy, and a weakened respect for law and order and civility. Furthermore, you can grow up in what it seems a well-rounded family that overall wants your happiness and sets high values, but some teenagers like Brian for example will still act out. John Hughes introduced The Breakfast Club by showing people from totally different backgrounds can communicate and even agree on issues by defining the teenager’s connection of characterization through stereo-typing, psychological perspective, and the family’s different morals & values. No matter what, your own characterization will shape your life, but you have the choice of choosing of your own path.